Upgrading to Microsoft Dynamics Server Version 9.0 on-premises results in error: Error.ActionFailed Microsoft.Crm.Tools.Admin.OneTimePostAppsInstallUpgradeAction

When upgrading from Microsoft Dynamics 365 8.x to Microsoft Dynamics Server Version 9.0 for on-premises, the following error is occurring.

Exception occurred during Microsoft.Crm.Tools.Admin.OrganizationUpgrader: Error.ActionFailed Microsoft.Crm.Tools.Admin.OneTimePostAppsInstallUpgradeAction

Furthermore, reviewing the upgrade log file crmdmsnapin.log, we see the following full context of the error message.

Error| Installer Complete: OrganizationUpgrader - Error encountered
Error| Exception occurred during Microsoft.Crm.Tools.Admin.OrganizationUpgrader: Error.ActionFailed Microsoft.Crm.Tools.Admin.OneTimePostAppsInstallUpgradeAction
InnerException:
Microsoft.Crm.Metadata.EntityMetadataNotFoundException: The entity with ObjectTypeCode = 0 was not found in the MetadataCache. MetadataCacheDetails: ProviderType=Dynamic, StandardCache=True, IsLoadedInStagedContext = False, Timestamp=748967650, MinActiveRowVersion=748967650
   at Microsoft.Crm.Metadata.DynamicMetadataCache.GetEntity(Int32 entityCode)
   at Microsoft.Crm.SE.DatabaseActions.DllMethodActions.UpdateBulkOperationParametersAction.LegacyListExecutionParams.ToUpgradedParameters(EntitySerializer serializer, BusinessEntityToEntityConverter businessEntityTypeConverter, ICrmConversionContext conversionContext, ExecutionContext context)
   at Microsoft.Crm.SE.DatabaseActions.DllMethodActions.UpdateBulkOperationParametersAction.ProcessListBasedBulkOperation(BusinessEntity entity, ICrmConversionContext conversionContext, ExecutionContext context)
   at Microsoft.Crm.SE.DatabaseActions.DllMethodActions.UpdateBulkOperationParametersAction.ProcessEntity(BusinessEntity entity, ICrmConversionContext conversionContext, ExecutionContext context)
   at Microsoft.Crm.SE.DatabaseActions.DllMethodActions.UpdateBulkOperationParametersAction.ProcessEntities(BusinessEntityCollection entities, ICrmConversionContext conversionContext, ExecutionContext context)
   at Microsoft.Crm.SE.DatabaseActions.DllMethodActions.UpdateBulkOperationParametersAction.RunUpgrade(ExecutionContext context)
   at Microsoft.Crm.SE.DatabaseActions.DllMethodActions.UpdateBulkOperationParametersAction.Execute()
   at Microsoft.Crm.Tools.Admin.OneTimePostAppsInstallUpgradeAction.Do(IDictionary parameters)
   at Microsoft.Crm.Setup.Shared.CrmAction.ExecuteActionHelper(CrmAction action, IDictionary parameters, Boolean undo)

One possible cause of this error is that there may be bulk operations jobs that have not completed or are in a pending state.

To verify if this issue is caused by unfinished/pending bulk operation jobs, run the following SQL query against your OrgName_MSCRM database.

SELECT StateCode, ActivityId, CreatedOn FROM BulkOperation WHERE StateCode NOT IN (1,2)

If the above query does return any results, these bulk operation jobs will need to be allowed to finish or they will need to be updated to a state of 1. For example, the results of the query would display something similar to below.

To correct the issue for these particular results, a SQL update will need to be run. The update statement is listed below.

UPDATE [BulkOperation]
SET [StateCode] = 1
WHERE [ActivityId] = '72BB4074-A3EA-D311-82E6-2213V23D9E50'

Once the above update has run, start the upgrade to Version 9 again and it should complete successfully.