Cluster service fails to start with error code 1130 while joining the cluster on a Windows Server 2003-based computer

On a computer that is running Windows Server 2003, the Cluster service cannot start. It causes that you cannot join the node into a cluster. At the same time, the following events are added into the system event log:

Event Type: Warning
Event Source: ClusSvc
Event Category: Node Mgr
Event ID: 1107
Date:  <date>
Time:  <time>
User:  N/A
Computer: <computer name>
Description:
Cluster node <name> failed to make a connection to the node over network <name>. The error code was 1130.

Event Type: Error
Event Source: ClusSvc
Event Category: Node Mgr
Event ID: 1079
Date:  <date>
Time:  <time>
User:  N/A
Computer: <computer name>
Description:
The node cannot join the server cluster because it cannot communicate with node <name> over any network configured for internal server cluster communication. Check the network configuration of the node and the server cluster.

In the cluster.log file, you find the following information:

[JOIN] Unable to get join version data from sponsor <IP address> using NTLM package, status 1130
[JOIN] JoinVersion data for sponsor <IP address> is invalid, status 1130